The Other Barack Read online

  Table of Contents

  Title Page

  Dedication

  Preface

  Chapter 1 - THE OLD MAN

  Chapter 2 - WINYO PINY KIBORNE

  Chapter 3 - A MASENO BOY, ALMOST

  Chapter 4 - MISS MOONEY

  Chapter 5 - “WHO THE HELL IS THAT?”

  Chapter 6 - THE WORLD’S GREATEST UNIVERSITY

  Chapter 7 - THE NAIROBI MEN

  Chapter 8 - LIONS, TIGERS, AND LIES!

  Chapter 9 - “EVEN GOD DOES NOT WANT ME”

  Acknowledgements

  NOTES

  BIBLIOGRAPHY

  INDEX

  Copyright Page

  For

  Streett and Shi Shi

  Whom I love

  PREFACE

  Every man who has served as the president of the United States had parents who lived out their lives upon American soil.

  Barack H. Obama did not. That fact has lent the president with the singular name both a hint of the exotic and—as his critics see it—a whiff of something decidedly un-American. The blood that makes Obama black flows from a place that is distinctly Other. His father, the other Barack H. Obama, did not come from somewhere known to most Americans, like England or Canada—places where the habits and manners are akin to that of America. Although several of the parents of early presidents were born in England or Ireland, they soon made their way across the channel and built their homes here. But Obama’s paternal roots lie in far away Africa, specifically in the western region of Kenya that is populated by an ethnic group known as the Luo.

  In Luoland, young men on reaching puberty routinely had their bottom six teeth removed as a coming of age ritual until well into the twentieth century. Polygamy is a long-standing practice, and men routinely take multiple wives to this day. The birth of twins is considered an ominous sign. At one time such a birth prompted a runner to streak to the home of the babies’ grandmother, where he would secretly bury a hoe in an effort to stem the bad luck that the twins’ arrival occasioned.

  No other American president could say that about the land of their forefathers, nor would they likely brandish such information even if they could. Such a dramatic reflection of foreign roots—of “otherness”—is not exactly the kind of thing that wins the hearts and minds of voters in mainstream America.

  It is partly for that reason that during Obama’s determined march toward the White House in 2008 not a great deal was said about his father. Nor did the media produce a much more detailed portrait. At the time, his father’s story was not easy to get, for the first Barack Obama had lived a disorganized life, one of fractured pieces that seemed to have little connective tissue. When he died in a car accident one night in 1982, even those close to him struggled to understand the chaotic forces that contributed to his end.

  I played a role in that incomplete storytelling. In October of 2008 I wrote a profile of the elder Obama for The Boston Globe, where I had been a reporter for more than two decades. I was unable to go to Kenya to report the story but instead relied on dozens of telephone interviews and the contemporary journalist’s tools of the trade—e-mail and text messages. The story accurately reflected the arc of the elder Obama’s life, but there was much I could not understand without going to Kenya and walking the rocky plains that unfurl toward Lake Victoria and where his character was so deeply rooted. And yet the shadow of this mysterious presidential candidate’s little-understood father riveted me. Even the candidate, who had written a memoir in large measure about the father he met only once in his life, seemed to yearn to know more about his enigmatic parent.

  In the final weeks leading up to the election I resolved that if Obama made it to the White House, I would pursue the larger story. There was so much that was not known. How had Obama Sr., raised in the scrappy bush hundreds of miles from Nairobi, achieved the lofty heights that he did? With his superior intellectual abilities, why did he not get the Harvard University graduate degree for which he worked so hard and yearned so deeply? What were the deeper roots of his downfall? It was clear that his heavy consumption of alcohol played a part. Obama was given the nickname “Double-Double” due to his habit of ordering successive twin shots of whiskey at one sitting, sometimes accumulating up to sixteen shot glasses before him. But that there were far larger elements at play in the unfolding of his life’s journey, not all of his own making, was also obvious. I knew from my initial reporting for the Globe that the older Obama’s life was an extravagant journey, one inextricably linked to the painful disappointments of Kenya’s first presidency. The answers, somehow, must lie in the red dust of Luoland on the other side of the world.

  I had never been to Africa before nor did I want to go in the slightest. Eight years earlier a young relative of mine died in a brutal accident in a game park in Botswana. Africa was the absolute last place in the world I wanted to venture. And yet questions about the likely next president’s father continued to nag at me. Who he was and how the force of his personality had shaped his second son, even in his absence, seemed to be critical elements in the unfolding presidential drama. If Obama were to become president, his largely unknown father lay at the core of a seismic event that would bear upon developments around the globe for years and, perhaps, even generations to come. I wanted to tell his story. Perhaps in going to Africa I could also find some deeper understanding of what had led to my family’s personal tragedy as well.

  In December of 2008, one month after Obama won the election, I was on my way to the suburban town of Bracknell, west of London, to talk with Obama’s Sr.’s first wife, Grace Kezia. In her small apartment I heard my first words of Dholuo, the language of the Luo tribe, as she recounted for me how she met the new American president’s father at a Christmas dance more than a half-century ago. She showed me photographs of family gatherings at which the younger Obama had posed with half a dozen of his relatives wearing vivid African dress—the kind of pictures that had not figured remotely in the presidential campaign. That visit was the first step in a long journey that took me to Hawaii, remote parts of the United States, and Kenya time and again. By the end I had traveled seventy-five thousand miles. I had spent days talking with dozens of Obamas in the village of Kanyadhiang, where the first Barack was born, and on one memorable night I watched with them as a furious storm churned its way up from Lake Victoria and lashed its wet fury upon their thatched-roof homes. I had also broken two ribs, contracted salmonella poisoning from a buffet in an elegant Nairobi hotel, and endured two bouts of pneumonia. I had driven the torturous roads to countless remote homesteads bearing rolls of barbed wire, machetes, and sacks of sugar, which were my gifts for those generous enough to take their time from work to share their memories with me. On one of my last visits to Kanyadhiang, the goat I had brought in the trunk of the car—the mode of transport for many an unlucky goat in Africa—was christened “Sally” in my honor. She was slaughtered shortly afterward—as is the fate of many an unlucky goat in Africa.

  Not all Obamas were glad to see me. When the first Barack Obama died, he left behind a chaotic domestic tangle and a darkly checkered career. Some family members did not want his life’s story told. But if it was going to be told, they wanted one of their own to do it. The last person they wanted writing about Obama’s life was a mzungu (Swahili for a white person) from the United States. Several months after I started work on the book one Obama family member launched an e-mail campaign against the project, declaring that I was a Republican collaborator bent on bringing the president down and preventing him from running for another term. In the fall of 2009 Obama family members living near Kisumu, the principal city in western Kenya, received a flurry of such e-mails, and the e-mails’ impact was chilling. There is no electricity in the v
illage, which lies not far from Lake Victoria, but there are many cell phones, so the word traveled fast. By the following spring, when my car bounced down the rocky dirt road leading to the village, the reception was decidedly cool. Ironically, the barrage of e-mails was launched from Boston, Massachusetts, a little over one mile from my office at the Boston Globe.

  Fortunately, the Obama extended family is as large as it is diverse. Although the international media has identified the home of the president’s stepmother in Alego as the family’s epicenter, there are many Obama relatives in both Kanyadhiang and Nairobi as well as in the United States. A good number of them understood that my interest in the family had nothing to do with politics and everything to do with expanding the historic record. They welcomed me into their homes, walked with me along tree-lined Harambee Avenue in Nairobi, where he worked for many years as a government economist, and introduced me to scores of people who had known him. They unfailingly responded to my succession of phone calls, texts, and e-mails over the course of two years. More important, they were unflinchingly honest in addressing both the triumphs and turbulence of Barack Obama’s life. And when two Obama cousins accompanied me on my next journey to Kanyadhiang, the villagers moved beyond their wariness and once again agreed to talk.

  The story of the president’s father lies only partly in human memory. I was fortunate to find several repositories of documents that provided revealing windows on Obama’s life both in Kenya and during the six years when he lived in the United States. On the back shelves of the Kenya National Archives in Nairobi there were hundreds of memos he wrote while working for the Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning and thick bundles of the minutes of meetings held during his years at the Kenya Tourist Development Corporation. In a storage facility in Lee’s Summit, Missouri, where the paper records of what was once called the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service are stored, there is a folder bearing the name Barack H. Obama, alien registration number A11938537, which contained memos stretching from the time he arrived in Honolulu in 1959 until he was forced to leave Cambridge, Massachusetts, against his will in 1964. Assorted archives yielded still more. There were a dozen blue aerogrammes about Obama in the archives at Syracuse University and letters he had written to the popular Kenyan nationalist Tom Mboya stored at Stanford University. The paper trail was long.

  What I found in the end was a story as unlikely as that of a certain Chicago lawyer who set his eyes on the White House and, despite the conventional wisdom that it couldn’t be done, wound up being the first black man to live there. His father did something extraordinary as well.

  The son of a cook for the British colonists in Nairobi, the first Barack Obama was a man of brilliance, one whose probing intellect enabled him to soar above his peers in the scrappy tropical bush in which he was raised. His destiny was to stand amongst a singular group of young Kenyans who were dispatched to America for an education and charged with shaping the course of the Kenya nation in the heady years after it achieved independence in 1963. Even among that handpicked group, Obama excelled. He was one of an elite cadre who was accepted for graduate study at the world’s most prominent academic institution, Harvard University. As a young man, a path of limitless opportunity unfolded before him.

  But Barack Obama was also a man prone to a certain reckless extreme. On his return to Nairobi, unable to hold down a handful of highly promising jobs, his astonishing early promise wilted. Confronted with the freewheeling society of postcolonial Nairobi in the 1960s, Obama struggled to maintain his equilibrium. When he brazenly challenged the nation’s steady drift to the political right and then courageously defied the country’s autocratic first president when most others dared not, the momentum of his already faltering rise stalled. Just six years after he returned from the United States, the arc of his life had spun into a downward spiral from which he would never fully recover.

  Some called him an impatient intellectual. Others saw him as an idealist, a man who could not square the political reality of the day with his heartfelt vision of a genuinely democratic Kenyan society. Whatever he is called, Barack Obama committed his life to the belief that the bounty and the burdens of the country he so loved should be shared by all. In the end what broke him was his disappointment in the failure of that dream.

  1

  THE OLD MAN

  The sign is meant for tourists. But not many get this far.

  It stands on the side of a red dirt road in western Kenya so pocked with holes that it is nearly impassable, its historic message shrouded in a thick coating of dust. “OBAMA OPIYO,” it declares in blue capital letters, “Great grandfather of BARACK OBAMA Jr. (President, USA.)” A mere four generations does not begin to tell the story. This is Africa and so the forefathers must be acknowledged too. On the right side of the sign there is a list of the names of the past eight generations.

  NYANYODHI

  OCHWO

  OBONG’O

  OPIYO

  OBAMA–1

  HUSSEIN ONYANGO

  BARACK OBAMA SR.

  BARACK OBAMA Jr.

  (President, USA)

  A red arrow points to the left, where the village of Kanyadhiang lies one teeth-jarring kilometer away. This is where the Obama side of an unlikely presidential epic begins. The American president’s father, Barack Hussein Obama, was born here in a round mud hut with a thatched roof, a short distance from the once-bountiful waters of Lake Victoria. Nearly one hundred years before him a young farmer known as Obong’o decided to settle here in the mid 1800s, one finger of a vast diaspora of Luo pastoralists that came out of Sudan starting in the fifteenth century.1 Although the earliest Obama ancestors, known as Jok’ Owiny, had migrated to the lake’s Winam Gulf region generations earlier, Obong’o was the one who established the family’s home on the south side of the gulf, attracted by the rich fishing prospects and abundance of wild animals in the surrounding forests. The hut is long gone now, but several hundred Obamas still live in the shadow of the towering blue gum trees that the president’s grandfather planted.

  Since Obongo’s arrival, little has changed in Kanyadhiang, which means “the place of the daughter of the cows” in the tribal language of Dholuo. There is no electricity, and people must still carry water by bucket up the hill from the muddy shores of the Awach River, although now they must treat it with purifying agents before it can be used. Cows and an occasional chicken wander the gently rolling terrain and pause to nibble the delicate yellow blossoms of the siala tree that hangs over Obama Opiyo’s grave.

  This is Luoland, the ancestral home of the Obama family’s Luo tribe. It is a place where a young man’s bottom six teeth were once routinely removed as a symbol of coming of age, and children are still often named for the conditions that prevailed at the time of their birth. In the Luo language “Onyango” means born in the early morning, whereas the common name “Okoth” means born while it is raining. In the weeks after the name Obama was engraved in history as the forty-fourth president of the United States, a great many babies were given the name. “Obama” is derived from the word bam, which means crooked or indirect.

  The first Barack Obama is Kanyadhiang’s greatest success story. Long before that name entered the global political lexicon, it carried great weight in these parts. Many among the older generation in the village remember Obama as a child swimming at Rapandu Beach, a point of the river reserved for men, and his prowess at the dance competitions in the lantern-lit dimness of the Kanyadhiang Social Hall. But Obama’s mind was even faster than his feet, and he wielded his intelligence as a passport to transport him to the farthest reaches of the globe.

  Ever since his son became a candidate for the U.S. presidency, a truncated version of the father’s life story has become stock fodder. It goes like this: In the late 1950s, as Kenya was beginning to prepare to assume independence from the British colonial government that had occupied the country for over sixty years, Obama was one of a select cadre of young men and women chosen to tra
vel to the United States to get a college education. He ventured to the University of Hawaii, where he met a young girl with luminous brown eyes named Ann, and in only three years he graduated Phi Beta Kappa. Then, incredibly, the boy who had walked barefoot five miles to school each day and whose job had been to lay a mix of cow dung and mud on the earthen floor to keep the dust down, won a scholarship to pursue his PhD in economics at Harvard University. On his return to Nairobi at age twenty-eight, Obama landed a job as an economist at Shell/BP and was poised to take his place among the uhuru, or “independence” generation charting the course for newly independent Kenya. With a wardrobe of tailored suits and a mzungu, the Swahili word for a white person, for a wife, Barack Obama was destined to be a Big Man, for sure. A photograph of him leaning against his blue Ford Fairlane and flanked by beaming villagers, which was taken on the day he returned from the United States, sits on a cousin’s mantel in Kanyadhiang and is a cherished family possession.

  As suddenly as it began, however, his ascent was over. Six years after he returned from the United States, Obama had been let go from one promising job and was fired from another, his career abruptly dead-ended. All three of his marriages had failed, and he was barely on speaking terms with any of his children. Penniless and increasingly dependent on his beloved Johnnie Walker Black, he collapsed at night on the floor at a series of friends’ homes and lived for periods alone in a solitary hotel room. It was a monumental fall. Few, even among those closest to him, understood why it happened and the elements that contributed to it.

  “Barack was a very upsetting case,” said Wilson Ndolo Ayah, a schoolmate of Obama’s who worked in a host of government ministries and served as a member of the Kenyan parliament. “He didn’t commit a crime. He didn’t do something wrong particularly. He just didn’t finish the race. As schoolboys, we were always taught that you must finish the race no matter what. But he didn’t. He just collapsed.”